Overview
Multiple sclerosis is a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerves in the brain and spinal cord, disrupting the signals between the brain and the body. Symptoms vary widely and may come and go in episodes or build gradually over time. Early diagnosis and ongoing care help slow progression and manage symptoms.
Symptoms
- Numbness or tingling in limbs or face
- Vision problems such as blurring or pain on eye movement
- Muscle weakness or stiffness
- Problems with balance and coordination
- Fatigue that interferes with daily life
- Dizziness
- Bladder or bowel problems
- Difficulty with thinking or memory
Causes & risk factors
- Immune system attacking nerve coverings (autoimmune)
- Genetic susceptibility
- Low vitamin D and reduced sun exposure
- Prior viral infections
- Smoking
- More common in women and in temperate regions
Treatment & self-care
Care is coordinated by a neurologist and often includes treatments aimed at reducing relapses and slowing the disease, plus support for specific symptoms through physiotherapy and rehabilitation. Plans are individualized and reviewed over time. A clinician will guide testing and monitoring.
See a doctor urgently if
- Sudden loss of vision in one eye
- New weakness, numbness, or difficulty walking
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- Symptoms of a relapse that last more than 24 hours
- Severe dizziness or inability to stay upright