Overview
Menopause is the natural point when menstrual periods stop permanently, marking the end of the reproductive years, usually confirmed after 12 months without a period. The years leading up to it (perimenopause) bring changing hormone levels and a range of symptoms. It typically occurs between the mid-40s and mid-50s but can happen earlier. While a normal life stage, symptoms can significantly affect quality of life and are treatable.
Symptoms
- Irregular periods leading up to menopause
- Hot flushes
- Night sweats
- Sleep problems
- Mood changes, anxiety, or low mood
- Vaginal dryness
- Reduced sex drive
- Brain fog or difficulty concentrating
- Joint aches
Causes & risk factors
- Natural decline in ovarian hormone production with age
- Surgical removal of the ovaries
- Certain cancer treatments
- Premature ovarian insufficiency (earlier than usual)
Treatment & self-care
A clinician can confirm the stage you are in and discuss options to ease symptoms and protect long-term bone and heart health. Approaches may include hormone-based therapy, non-hormonal options, lifestyle measures, and treatments for specific symptoms such as vaginal dryness. A doctor will weigh the benefits and risks for your personal health profile.
See a doctor urgently if
- Symptoms are affecting your daily life, work, or relationships
- You have any bleeding after menopause (this always needs assessment)
- Your periods stop before age 40
- You have very heavy or unusual bleeding during perimenopause