Overview
Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, such as on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or pelvic lining. This tissue responds to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, causing inflammation, pain, and sometimes scar tissue. It is a common cause of chronic pelvic pain and can affect fertility. Symptoms vary widely and the condition is often under-diagnosed for years.
Symptoms
- Painful periods that may be severe
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Pain during or after sex
- Pain with bowel movements or urination, especially during periods
- Heavy menstrual bleeding
- Fatigue
- Difficulty getting pregnant
- Bloating or nausea
Causes & risk factors
- Exact cause unknown
- Retrograde menstruation (menstrual blood flowing backward into the pelvis)
- Hormonal and immune system factors
- Family history of endometriosis
- Genetic predisposition
Treatment & self-care
Treatment is tailored by a gynecologist and generally aims to relieve pain and, where relevant, support fertility. It may involve hormonal approaches to reduce or pause the menstrual cycle, pain management strategies, and in some cases keyhole (laparoscopic) surgery to remove or destroy the abnormal tissue. A clinician will discuss the best options for your symptoms and goals.
See a doctor urgently if
- Period pain interferes with daily life or is not relieved by usual measures
- You have pain during sex or with bowel or bladder function
- You are struggling to conceive after trying for a year (or six months if over 35)
- You have sudden, severe pelvic pain