Overview
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system gradually attacks the thyroid gland, often leading to an underactive thyroid over time. It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in many regions and tends to run in families. Many people have it for years before symptoms appear, and it is detected through blood tests including thyroid antibodies.
Symptoms
- Fatigue and sluggishness
- Sensitivity to cold
- Weight gain
- Dry skin and hair
- Constipation
- A mildly enlarged thyroid (goitre) or neck fullness
- Low mood
- Muscle aches or stiffness
Causes & risk factors
- Autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland
- Family history of thyroid or autoimmune disease
- Female sex and increasing age (higher risk)
- Other autoimmune conditions present
- Environmental factors such as excess iodine in susceptible people
Treatment & self-care
Care generally focuses on monitoring thyroid function over time and replacing thyroid hormone if the gland becomes underactive. A clinician tracks blood tests periodically because thyroid levels can change as the condition progresses. An accurate diagnosis and ongoing follow-up should be arranged with a licensed clinician.
See a doctor urgently if
- You have ongoing fatigue, weight changes, or cold intolerance
- You notice neck swelling, difficulty swallowing, or a lump in the throat
- You have a family history of thyroid disease and develop symptoms