Overview
Constipation means passing hard stools infrequently or with straining. It is usually caused by a low-fibre diet, too little water and inactivity, and responds well to lifestyle changes. Persistent or new-onset constipation in an older adult deserves proper assessment.
Symptoms
- Fewer than three bowel movements a week
- Hard, dry or pellet-like stools
- Straining or pain when passing stool
- Feeling of incomplete emptying
- Bloating and abdominal discomfort
Causes & risk factors
- Low-fibre diet and inadequate fluid intake
- Physical inactivity
- Ignoring the urge to go
- Certain medicines (some painkillers, iron, antacids)
- Underlying conditions such as hypothyroidism or diabetes
Treatment & self-care
Increase fibre gradually (beans, vegetables, fruits, whole grains), drink more water, stay active and respond promptly to the urge to go. Doctors may recommend a laxative for short-term relief while habits change. Avoid becoming dependent on stimulant laxatives or "washout" purges.
See a doctor urgently if
- Constipation alternating with diarrhoea, or blood in stool
- New, persistent constipation after age 45
- Severe abdominal pain, vomiting or a swollen abdomen
- Unexplained weight loss