Human papillomavirus causes nearly all cervical cancers and contributes to cancers of the anus, penis, vulva, vagina, and throat. The HPV vaccine targets the high-risk types responsible for most of these cancers, plus types causing genital warts. Real-world data show large drops in HPV infection, precancerous cervical changes, and warts in vaccinated populations.
The vaccine is most effective when given before any exposure to the virus, which is why it is routinely offered to children and teenagers, typically around ages 9 to 14. Younger recipients often need only two doses; older teens and adults usually need three.
It can still benefit some people up to their mid-40s, though the benefit is smaller after sexual debut. Vaccination does not replace cervical screening, so vaccinated women should still attend their screening appointments. A doctor or pharmacist can advise on eligibility and dosing for your age.